Does our personality shape our responses to game rewards? How do we change our digital identities on social networks? Why are emergency responders relying on crowdsourcing to map disaster zones?
This week, five CMCI researchers are exploring answers to these questions鈥攁nd others鈥攁s they present their research at the top conference in the field of human鈥揷omputer interaction.
The ACM (CHI) is the largest annual gathering of researchers and practitioners who study how people interact with digital technology. Jed Brubaker, Casey Fiesler, Leysia Palen, Amy Voida and Stephen Voida鈥攆aculty members in the Department of Information Science at CU-Boulder鈥攈ave all had papers accepted to the conference and will be presenting their work in San Jose, California between May 7th and 12th.
Here鈥檚 a short summary of their research:
Forgetting on social networks built to remember
Social media networks are often designed to be persistent, with few offering easy methods for changing or forgetting a person鈥檚 former identity. Jed Brubaker鈥攁s part of a team led by Oliver Haimson including researchers from UC Irvine, 兔子先生传媒文化作品 and IUPUI, 鈥攕tudied the cases of 283 people who underwent a gender transition while active on Facebook to understand how these individuals managed the change in their digital identity. By editing the information they present on Facebook, such as photos and descriptions, and by changing who can see certain posts and information about them, the individuals tried to manage disclosure about their identity transition. In some cases, they maintained multiple accounts, split between those who knew of their gender transition and those who didn鈥檛. Others moved completely to a new account. In many cases, editing photos, friends lists and other digital footprints was time-consuming and potentially painful, leading the research team to suggest that social networks be designed not just for remembering, but also for forgetting.
Paper: Digital Footprints and Changing Networks During Online Identity Transitions by Oliver L. Haimson, Jed R. Brubaker, Lynn Dombrowski and Gillian R. Hayes
What happens to your Facebook profile after you die?
Jed Brubaker has been an academic research collaborator at Facebook since 2014 and has played a significant role in developing Facebook鈥檚 features and policy for the death of people on the social network. In the past, Facebook simply locked the profiles of deceased individuals, but Brubaker and his co-author Callison-Burch helped design and launch a new feature called Legacy Contact that gives people more control over their profile after they pass away. Specifically, Legacy Contact allows people to transfer some control to a trusted friend or loved one. In their paper, Brubaker and his colleague describe how they balanced the needs of deceased individuals against those of bereaved communities by putting a person, rather than a system, in control of key decisions. Other key design objectives in the development of Legacy Contact included making the deceased individual鈥檚 mortal status clear, reducing workload on their legacy contact and minimizing automated messages that can be distressing. So far, legacy contact has received a mostly positive response, but Brubaker and his colleague note that a topic as complex as death on social media merits much further study.
Paper: by Jed Brubaker and Vanessa Callison-Burch
To design a successful online community, be part of it
Participants in online communities sometimes feel as if the platform doesn鈥檛 support their needs and values, commonly leading to complaints about issues such as harassment, excessive advertising, or distracting redesigns. 听In her paper, Casey Fiesler examines an online fan community that has solved many of these problems. The fan fiction site (AO3) is an open-source project with over 800,000 users, designed by members of the fan community (a team of mostly women) who were frustrated with existing sites that felt unwelcoming or exploitative. Fiesler, working with fellow researchers from Georgia Tech, interviewed some of the site鈥檚 users and designers and found that AO3 was carefully designed to respect and reflect the values of AO3鈥檚 users鈥攅ven values that might be at conflict with one another. One potentially important lesson for online community designers is how to mitigate these value tensions through design. For example, individual users may want to delete certain stories or even their entire identity from the site, thus removing a significant part of the community鈥檚 history. AO3鈥檚 solution is to allow users to 鈥渙rphan鈥� some or all of their works, removing their names from the work, but leaving the work intact for the community. The success of AO3 shows that online platforms may have a better chance of succeeding if they are designed for and by a particular community, with their values and norms in mind.
Paper: by Casey Fiesler, Shannon Morrison and Amy S. Bruckman
For disaster response, crowdsourced mapping is essential
USAID staff examining a printed base map of the Gorkha district in Nepal, created using OpenStreetMap data. From the paper by Soden and Palen.
In a second paper, Palen, her PhD students Marina Kogan and Jennings Anderson, and colleague Kenneth Anderson combined qualitative and quantitative 鈥渂ig data鈥� analytics to study OpenStreetMap, a mapping environment with millions of users that is known as the 鈥渨iki of maps.鈥� 听They examined how mappers who are distributed around the world nevertheless collaborate to map regions that are affected by disaster, in this case, the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
Papers:
Infrastructure in the Wild: What Mapping in Post-Earthquake Nepal Reveals about Infrastructural Emergence by Robert Soden and Leysia Palen
Finding the Way to OSM Mapping Practices: Bounding Large Crisis Datasets for Qualitative Investigation by Marina Kogan, Jennings Anderson, Leysia Palen, Kenneth M. Anderson and Robert Soden
Establishing legitimacy for charitable crowdfunding
To raise money for a charitable cause on the internet, one must first convince others that the campaign is legitimate. From interviews with online fundraisers who used a variety of charitable crowdfunding platforms, Amy Voida and her advisee, Indiana University master鈥檚 student Katie Tanaka, found that the primary concern of fundraisers was conveying the legitimacy of their campaign. This included legitimizing the project, the person fundraising for the project, the organization affiliated with the project and the platform through which donations were solicited. Fundraisers use many different strategies to legitimize their campaigns, such as offering frequent updates to donors through many different communication channels, making the first donation to seed the pledges and providing extensive justification for the financial overhead taken by both platforms and organizations. This is a significant amount of work for a volunteer fundraiser to undertake and the technology involved can both ease and complicate the work. Tanaka and Voida suggest that both organizations and crowdfunding platforms can provide resources to reduce the legitimacy work fundraisers feel compelled to do, thus making it easier to raise funds for charitable causes.
Paper: by Katie G. Tanaka and Amy Voida
How people with different personalities respond to different forms of gamification
鈥淕amified鈥� apps use game-like elements, such as scores, leaderboards, or personalized avatars to motivate their users to meet a goal or change a habit. Stephen Voida advised three PhD students, two from Indiana University and one from Cornell University, to study how an individual鈥檚 personality traits affect how he or she responds to different motivational systems that might be employed in a gamified health app. Voida鈥檚 team found that extraverted users were most effectively motivated by gamification, being partial to features like scores and leaderboards, which allow them to tally up their successes and share their performance with others. However, users with high levels of emotional stability鈥攇enerally, older, more mature individuals鈥攚ere rarely motivated by any gamified features, suggesting that app designers cannot rely on gamification as a 鈥渙ne-size-fits-all鈥� tool. Voida and his team conclude that users will respond differently to game-like elements depending on different facets of their personality, and that app designers might either consider tailoring their designs to particular kinds of users or not relying heavily on those gamification strategies that are likely to turn part of their audience away.
Paper: Personality-targeted Gamification: A Survey Study on Personality Traits and Motivational Affordances by Yuan Jia, Bin Xu, Yamini Karanam, and Stephen Voida