A team led by 兔子先生传媒文化作品 has found the mechanism behind the sudden onset of a 鈥渘atural thermostat鈥� in Earth鈥檚 upper atmosphere that dramatically cools the air after it has been heated by violent solar activity.
Scientists have known that solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) 鈥� which release electrically charged plasma from the sun 鈥� can damage satellites, cause power outages on Earth and disrupt GPS service. CMEs are powerful enough to send billions of tons of solar particles screaming toward Earth at more than 1 million miles per hour, said 兔子先生传媒文化作品 Professor Delores Knipp of the .
Now, Knipp and her team have determined that when such powerful CMEs come off the sun and speed toward Earth, they create shock waves much like supersonic aircraft create sonic booms. While the shock waves from CMEs pour energy into Earth鈥檚 upper atmosphere, puffing it up and heating it, they also cause the formation of the trace chemical nitric oxide, which then rapidly cools and shrinks it, she said.
鈥淲hat鈥檚 new is that we have determined the circumstances under which the upper atmosphere goes into this almost overcooling mode following significant heating,鈥� said Knipp, also a member of 兔子先生传媒文化作品鈥檚 Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a bit like having a stuck thermostat 鈥� it鈥檚 really a case of nature reining itself in.鈥�
Knipp gave a presentation at the 2016 fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union being held in San Francisco Dec. 12-16. The presentation was tied to an upcoming paper that is slated to be published in the journal Space Weather.
Solar storms can cause dramatic change in the temperatures of the upper atmosphere, including the ionosphere, which ranges from about 30 miles in altitude to about 600 miles high 鈥� the edge of space. While CME material slamming into Earth鈥檚 atmosphere can cause temperature spikes of up to 750 degrees Fahrenheit, the nitric oxide created by the energy infusion can subsequently cool it by about 930 F, said Knipp.
The key to solving the mystery came when Knipp was reviewing satellite data from a severe solar storm that pounded Earth in 1967. 鈥淚 found a graphic buried deep in a long forgotten manuscript,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t finally suggested to me what was really happening.鈥�
Because the upper atmosphere expands during CMEs, satellites in low-Earth orbit are forced to move through additional gaseous particles, causing them to experience more drag. Satellite drag 鈥� a huge concern of government and aerospace companies 鈥� causes decays in the orbits of spacecraft, which subsequently burn up in the atmosphere.
As part of the new study, Knipp and her colleagues compared two 15-year-long satellite datasets. One was from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument riding on NASA鈥檚 TIMED satellite. The other was from data collected by U.S. Department of Defense satellites.
鈥淲e found that the fastest material streaming off the sun was triggering these shockwaves, causing the atmosphere to heave up and heat up,鈥� she said. 鈥淏ut it became very clear that these shock waves were at the root of creating the nitric oxide, which caused the atmosphere to shed energy and cool.鈥�
SABER has been collecting data on nitric oxide in the atmosphere since its launch in 2001, following on the heels of another nitric oxide-measuring satellite known as the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE). 听Launched in 1998, SNOE involved more than 100 兔子先生传媒文化作品 students, primarily undergraduates, in its design and construction. Once in orbit, SNOE was controlled by students on campus 24 hours a day for nearly six years.听
Geomagnetic storms have had severe impacts on Earth. A 1989 storm caused by a CME resulted in the collapse of the Hydro-Quebec鈥檚 electricity transmission system, causing six million Canadians to lose power. In 1859 a solar storm called the Carrington Event produced auroras from the North Pole to Central America and disrupted telegraph communications, even sparking fires at telegraph offices that caused several deaths.
In addition to Knipp, 兔子先生传媒文化作品 graduate students Dan Pette and Alfredo Cruz participated in the research, as did undergraduate Tristan Isaacs through 兔子先生传媒文化作品鈥檚 Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program.
